-
121 take
1. n захват, взятие; получение2. n сл. выручка, барыши; сбор3. n получка4. n улов5. n добыча6. n арендаtake on lease — брать внаем; брать в аренду
take a lease of — брать внаем; брать в аренду
7. n арендованный участокflatcars often take trucks piggyback from one place to another — автомобили часто перевозят по железной дороге на открытых платформах
8. n разг. популярная песенка, пьеса9. n мед. проф. хорошо принявшаяся прививка10. n полигр. «урок» наборщикаlean take — урок наборщика, содержащий трудоемкий для набора материал
11. n кино снятый кадр, кинокадр, дубль12. n мед. пересадка13. v брать; хвататьtake on — брать; браться
14. v захватывать; овладевать, завоёвывать15. v ловить16. v разг. овладевать, братьtake from — брать; взять; отнимать; отнять
to take its rise — брать начало, начинаться
take with you — брать с собой; взять с собой
17. v уносить, сводить в могилуpneumonia took him — воспаление лёгких свело его в могилу, он умер от воспаления лёгких
to take pains, to spare no pains — прилагать все усилия
18. v присваивать, братьtake in hand — браться; взяться; предпринимать
19. v отбирать, забирать20. v пользоваться; получать; приобретать21. v выбиратьtake out a patent — взять патент; выбирать патент
22. v покупатьto take stock in — покупать акции; вступать в пай
23. v выигрывать; брать, битьtake the charge of — брать на хранение; принимать управление
to take a nest — разорить гнездо, брать яйца или птенцов
24. v юр. вступать во владение, наследовать25. v доставать, добывать26. v взимать, собирать; добиваться уплатыtake the crop — убирать урожай; собирать урожай
27. v получать, зарабатыватьtake that ! — получай!, вот тебе!
28. v принимать; соглашатьсяhow much less will you take? — на сколько вы сбавите цену?, сколько вы уступите?
take what he offers you — возьми то, что он тебе предлагает
I will take no denial — отказа я не приму; не вздумайте отказываться
I am not taking orders from you — я вам не подчиняюсь, я не буду выполнять ваши приказы;
to take hard — принимать близко к сердцу; тяжело переживать
29. v воспринимать, реагироватьI wonder how he will take it — интересно, как он к этому отнесётся
he took the joke in earnest — он не понял шутки, он принял шутку всерьёз
he is really kind-hearted if you take him the right way — он, в сущности, добрый человек, если правильно его воспринимать
to take things as they are — принимать вещи такими, какие они есть
you must not take it ill of him — вы не должны сердиться на него; он не хотел вас обидеть
30. v понимать; толковатьI take your meaning — я вас понимаю, я понимаю, что вы хотите сказать
I take you — я вас понимаю, я понимаю, что вы хотите сказать
31. v полагать, считать; заключатьwhat time do you take it to be? — как вы думаете, сколько сейчас времени?
32. v верить; считать истиннымtake it from me that he means what he says — поверьте мне, он не шутит
33. v охватывать, овладеватьhis conscience takes him when he is sober — когда он трезв, его мучают угрызения совести
34. v захватывать, увлекать; нравиться35. v иметь успех, становиться популярнымtake place — случаться; происходить; иметь место
to take place — случаться, иметь место
36. v записывать, регистрировать, протоколировать37. v снимать, фотографироватьto take a photograph of a tower — сфотографировать башню, сделать снимок башни
take the readings — производить отсчет; снимать показания
to take pictures — производить съёмку, снимать
take a picture — снимать; фотографировать
38. v выходить, получаться на фотографииhe does not take well, he takes badly — он плохо выходит на фотографии; он нефотогеничен
take the air — выходить на воздух; отлетать; отлететь
to take a call — выходить на аплодисменты, раскланиваться
39. v использовать в качестве примераtake up a quota — использовать квоту; выбрать квоту
40. v вмешать41. v требовать; отниматьit takes time, means and skill — на это нужно время, средства и умение
how long will it take you to translate this article? — сколько времени уйдёт у вас на перевод этой статьи?
it took him three years to write the book — ему потребовалось три года, чтобы написать книгу
it took four men to hold him — потребовалось четыре человека, чтобы его удержать
it would take volumes to relate — нужны тома, чтобы это рассказать
it takes a lot of doing — это сделать довольно трудно, это не так-то просто сделать
the work took some doing — работа потребовала усилий, работа попалась нелёгкая
42. v требовать, нуждатьсяhe took two hours to get there — ему потребовалось два часа, чтобы добраться туда; дорога туда отняла у него два часа
43. v цепляться; застревать, запутываться44. v жениться; выходить замуж45. v действовать; приниматьсяtake as a datum — принимать за нуль; принимать за начало
46. v держаться, закрепляться, оставаться47. v амер. схватываться, замерзать48. v тех. твердеть, схватыватьсяtake hold of — схватывать; схватить
49. v разг. становиться, делатьсяto take sick — заболеть, захворать; приболеть
take stock of — делать переучет; критически оценивать
to take exercise — делать моцион, гулять; делать гимнастику
to take turns — делать по очереди; чередоваться, сменяться
Синонимический ряд:1. catch (noun) catch; haul; loot2. net (noun) net; proceeds; profit; returns3. act (verb) act; behave; function; operate; react; work4. adopt (verb) adopt; discharge; perform; utilise; utilize5. apprehend (verb) apprehend; compass; comprehend; cotton on to; cotton to; follow; heed; make out; see; tumble to; twig6. appropriate (verb) accroach; annex; appropriate; arrogate; assume; commandeer; confiscate; expropriate; preempt; pre-empt; sequester; usurp7. ask (verb) ask; call for; crave; demand; entail; involve; necessitate; require8. attract (verb) allure; attract; bewitch; captivate; charm; derive; draw; enchant; engage; fascinate; hold; interest; magnetize; wile9. bear (verb) abide; accept; admit; bear; brook; digest; down; endure; go; lump; receive; stand; stick out; stomach; suffer; support; sustain; swallow; sweat out; take in; tolerate; undertake10. buy (verb) buy; purchase11. carry (verb) bring; carry; convey; deliver; fetch; transfer; transport12. catch (verb) bag; capture; catch; collar; nail; overhaul; overtake; prehend13. cheat (verb) beat; bilk; boodle; cheat; chisel; chouse; cozen; defraud; diddle; do; flimflam; gull; gyp; mulct; overreach; ream; sucker; swindle; victimise14. choose (verb) choose; cull; elect; mark; opt for; optate; pick; pick out; prefer; select; single out15. deduct (verb) deduct; discount; draw back; knock off; substract; subtract; take away; take off; take out16. determine (verb) ascertain; determine; fix17. eat (verb) devour; eat; feed on; ingest; meal; partake of18. embrace (verb) clasp; embrace; grasp; grip19. escort (verb) accompany; conduct; escort; lead20. experience (verb) experience; feel; observe; perceive; sense21. get (verb) acquire; come down with; contract; develop; gain; get; net; obtain; procure; secure; sicken; sicken of; sicken with; win22. pilfer (verb) pilfer; steal23. read (verb) construe; interpret; read24. seize (verb) clutch; grab; grapple; nab; seize; snatch; strike25. surprise (verb) board; hit on; surprise26. treat (verb) deal with; handle; play; serve; treat; use27. understand (verb) believe; conceive; consider; expect; gather; imagine; presume; regard; suppose; suspect; think; understand28. use up (verb) consume; occupy; use upАнтонимический ряд:add; give; loss; miss; reject; repel; surrender -
122 target
1. n мишень, цель; объект2. n мишень для уколов3. n поражаемое пространство4. n физ. мишень для бомбардировки элементарными частицами5. n состязание в стрельбе6. n число выбитых очков7. n объект, предметtarget of criticism — мишень для критики; предмет критики
8. n посмешище9. n задание; плановая или контрольная цифра10. n кул. отруб для жаркого, состоящий из шейной части и грудинки бараньей туши11. n геод. визирная марка12. n ж. -д. сигнал13. n антикатод14. n указатель15. n вчт. выход, выходная информацияtarget text — выходной текст, текст на выходе
16. v амер. воен. приводить к нормальному бою, пристреливать17. v намечать, планировать18. v амер. ж. -д. давать сигналСинонимический ряд:1. butt (noun) bull's eye; bull's-eye; butt; laughingstock; mark; point; scapegoat; sitting duck; victim2. use (noun) aim; ambition; design; destination; duty; end; function; goal; intent; intention; meaning; object; objective; plan; purpose; quaesitum; use; view3. aim for (verb) aim for; mark -
123 use
1. n употребление, использование, применение2. n цель, назначениеa tool with several uses — инструмент, применяемый для различных целей
3. n польза, толк, выгода4. n способность пользования5. n право пользованияhe gave his friend the use of his library — он предоставил приятелю право пользоваться своей библиотекой
actual use — фактическое пользование; фактическое применение
6. n привычка, обыкновение7. n церк. ритуал; чин8. v употреблять, пользоваться, применять9. v прибегать, пользоваться10. v использовать в своих интересахthey used every artifice to get our help — они прибегали ко всяческим хитростям, чтобы добиться от нас помощи
11. v потреблять, расходоватьuse up — израсходовать, использовать
12. v тратить, проводитьthey used thirty days in travelling about 1,000 miles — они потратили 30 дней, чтобы проехать 1000 миль
13. v обращаться, обходиться; относиться14. v приучать15. v амер. сл. употреблять наркотики, быть наркоманом16. v диал. амер. часто посещатьСинонимический ряд:1. account (noun) account; advantage; applicability; appropriateness; avail; benefit; fitness; relevance; serviceability; usefulness; utility2. duty (noun) application; duty; function; goal; mark; object; objective; purpose; service; target3. exercise (noun) appliance; consumption; employment; exercise; exercising; exertion; manipulation; operation; play; usance; utilisation; utilization4. habit (noun) consuetude; custom; habit; habitude; manner; practice; praxis; trick; way; wont5. handling (noun) handling; treatment; usage6. help (noun) good; help; profit7. need (noun) demand; need; occasion8. consume (verb) consume; deplete; drain; exhaust; expend; spend; use up; waste9. employ (verb) actuate; apply; bestow; employ; implement; make use of; practise; run; utilise; utilize; work10. exercise (verb) exercise; manipulate; operate; practice; put to use; wield11. exploit (verb) abuse; exploit; impose on; impose upon12. habituate (verb) accustom; familiarise; familiarize; habituate; inure; wont13. speak (verb) converse in; parley; speak; talk14. treat (verb) act toward; behave toward; deal with; handle; manage; play; serve; take; treatАнтонимический ряд:discard; disuse; ignore; suspend -
124 purpose
purpose ['pɜ:pəs]1 noun(a) (objective, reason) but m, objet m;∎ what's the purpose of your visit? quel est le but ou l'objet de votre visite?;∎ for or with the purpose of doing sth dans l'intention ou le but de faire qch;∎ he buys real estate for tax purposes il investit dans l'immobilier pour des raisons fiscales;∎ it suits my purposes to stay here j'ai de bonnes raisons de rester ici;∎ to do sth with a purpose in mind or for a purpose faire qch dans un but précis;∎ for this purpose dans ce but, à cet effet;∎ but that's the whole purpose of the exercise! mais tout l'intérêt de l'exercice est là!;∎ to have a sense of purpose être motivé;∎ to give sb a sense of purpose motiver qn;∎ his life lacked any real sense of purpose sa vie était dépourvue de but précis;∎ to have a purpose in life avoir un but dans la vie;∎ her remarks were to the purpose/not to the purpose ses remarques étaient pertinentes/hors de propos∎ what is the purpose of this room/object? à quoi sert cette pièce/cet objet?;∎ the hangar wasn't built for that purpose le hangar n'était pas destiné à cet usage;∎ for all purposes à toutes fins, à tous usages;∎ intended for practical purposes destiné à des usages pratiques;∎ for our purposes pour ce que nous voulons faire;∎ for the purposes of this demonstration pour les besoins de cette démonstration;∎ for the purpose of this article… (in lease, contract etc) au sens du présent article…;∎ £5,000 will be enough for present purposes 5000 livres suffiront à couvrir nos besoins actuels;∎ the funds are to be used for humanitarian purposes les fonds seront utilisés à des fins humanitaires;∎ intended purpose (of building, amount of money) destination f, affectation f;∎ they were never used for their intended purpose ils n'ont jamais servi à l'usage auquel on les destinait;∎ does it serve any useful purpose? est-ce que ça sert à quelque chose?;∎ to serve no purpose ne servir à rien;∎ this will suit or serve your purpose cela fera votre affaire;∎ once she had served her purpose they abandoned her une fois qu'elle eut tenu son rôle, ils l'abandonnèrent;∎ the money will be put or used to good purpose l'argent sera bien employé;∎ he will use his knowledge to good purpose there il pourra y mettre à profit ses connaissances;∎ we are arguing to no purpose nous discutons inutilement;∎ my efforts had been to no purpose mes efforts étaient restés vains;∎ the negotiations have been to little purpose les négociations n'ont pas abouti à grand-chose(c) (determination) résolution f, détermination f;∎ she has great strength of purpose elle a une volonté de fer, c'est quelqu'un de très déterminé∎ literary to purpose to do sth or doing sth se proposer de faire qchexprès;∎ I did it on purpose je l'ai fait exprès;∎ I avoided the subject on purpose j'ai fait exprès d'éviter ou j'ai délibérément évité la question -
125 symmetric
-
126 probability
[ˌprɔbəˈbɪlɪtɪ]a posteriori probability апостериорная вероятность absolute probability безусловная вероятность basic theorems of probability основные теоремы теории вероятностей conditional probability условная вероятность conditional probability density плотность условного распределения confidence probability доверительная вероятность corrected probability скорректированная вероятность cumulative probability накопленная вероятность empiric probability эмпирическая вероятность empirical probability эмпирическая вероятность estimated probability оценка вероятности finite probability конечная вероятность probability вероятность; in all probability по всей вероятности inverse probability обратная вероятность math probability теоретическая вероятность mathematical probability теоретическая вероятность objective probability объективная вероятность prior probability априорная вероятность probability вероятность; in all probability по всей вероятности probability вероятность probability правдоподобие probability density function плотность вероятности probability of customer loss вероятность потери требования probability of damage вероятность ущерба probability of loss вероятность потери probability of loss or damage вероятность убытков или ущерба probability of no-arrivals вероятность отсутствия требований probability of rejection вероятность отклонения specified probability заданная вероятность stationary probability стационарная вероятность steady-state probability установившееся значение вероятности true probability истинная вероятность unconditional probability безусловная вероятность variable probability переменная вероятность zero probability нулевая вероятность -
127 Mind
It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)[Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive AnalysesRecent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind
-
128 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
См. также в других словарях:
Objective-C — Paradigm(s) reflective, object oriented Appeared in 1983 Designed by Tom Love Brad Cox Developer Apple Inc. Typing discipline … Wikipedia
Objective Caml — Apparu en 1987 (CAML), 1996 (OCaml) Développeur INRIA Dernière version stable 3.11.1 (le 12 … Wikipédia en Français
Objective-C — Класс языка: объектно ориентированный, мультипарадигмальный: рефлексивно ориентированный Появился в: 1986 Автор(ы): Бред Кокс Типизация данных: нестрогая, статическая / динамическая … Википедия
Objective-C — Información general Paradigma orientado a objetos Apareció en 1980 Diseñado por Brad Cox Tipo de dato … Wikipedia Español
function — n 1 Function, office, duty, province are comparable when they mean the act, acts, activities, or operations expected of a person or thing by virtue of his or its nature, structure, status, or position. Function is the most comprehensive of these… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
function — [n1] capacity, job action, activity, affair, behavior, business, charge, concern, duty, employment, exercise, faculty, goal, mark, mission, object, objective, occupation, office, operation, part, post, power, province, purpose, raison d’être*,… … New thesaurus
objective genitive — An example of this is the boy s murder, in which the genitive form boy s denotes not possession (as in the boy s dog, which is the usual function of a genitive) but the object of the noun murder … Modern English usage
Objective collapse theory — Quantum mechanics Uncertainty principle … Wikipedia
Objective Caml — Infobox programming language name = Objective Caml paradigm = multi paradigm: imperative, functional, object oriented developer = INRIA latest release version = 3.10.2 latest release date = Release date and age|2008|02|29 operating system = Cross … Wikipedia
Objective (optics) — Several objective lenses on a microscope. In an optical instrument, the objective is the optical element that gathers light from the object being observed and focuses the light rays to produce a real image. Objectives can be single lenses or… … Wikipedia
Function (engineering) — In engineering, in psychology, as well as in common parlance, function denotes the property of something which is used/applied for an objective/goal/purpose/scope.In fact, it is possible to realize the same function using different physical… … Wikipedia